Imaginary Lines and Manipur
Palash Biswas
(Contact: c/o Mrs Arati Roy, Gosto Kanan, Sodepur,
Kolkata-700110, India.Phone: 033-25659551)
IMPHAL, 17 October, 2006
The city observed a total bandh as President A P J
Abdul Kalam arrived on a day-long visit on Monday. The
nine-hour strike was called by the Apunba Lup, an
umbrella organisation of various bodies, in protest
against continuing imposition of the Armed Forces
Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Kalam is the supreme
commander of the armed forces. Three student
organisations and the underground Revolutionary
People's Front also boycotted Kalam's visit citing
different reasons. The strike disrupted life in
Imphal. Educational institutions and business
establishments were closed and the streets wore a
deserted look. Except for ceremonial and emergency
services, no vehicles plied on the city. Life was
affected in other parts of the state as well. Strike
supporters burnt tyres on the streets and women staged
a demonstration on Imphal Airport Road demanding
repeal of the AFSPA. Manipur is undoubtedly the only
State in India besieged by nearly 30 militant
organizations. The power of the State administration
does not run beyond a few kilometers from the capital.
The situation in Manipur has become one of the most
serious threats to national security today.
Over 58 years of Indian Independence, nobody in India
realized that the country's integrity was so
threatened until a dozen Manipuri women shed their
clothes in front of an Army garrison in the heart of
the Imphal and taunted the soldiers to rape them. Only
then the nation woke up and asked itself what was
wrong in Manipur and why these otherwise conservative
Manipuri ladies had taken such a desperate and extreme
step.
Pardon Mr President, Your visits reminds me my
experience in Manipur in 2001. On April 8th we landed
on Imphul airport to shoot `Imaginary Lines', a
feature film directed by `A day with the Hangman fame'
three tiimes national award winning director Joshy
Joseph. I wrote the dialogue of the film. We
firsttimers were stunned to see around as if we were
suddenly in a battlefield. We spent alittle more than
two weeks in Manipur and shot in Morem kullain in
district Senapati just Three KM away from Kohima.
Experiencing the heat and dust of Manipur Morem Kulain
to Loktak lake , we found the state people bleeding
evrywhere and public were dead agnaist the repressive
military measures adopted by the centre. They had
banned Hindi in Manipur as they see Hindi a tool of
Delhi`s imperialism. but we shot the Hindi film with
full cooperation by local tribal Naga as well as the
Maity people.
The story dealt with Delhi`s outlook towards
northeast. The protaganist, played by Bengali famous
artist Gautam Haldar, was semi drunk dreamer who knows
Manipur as a state of classical Manipuri dances and
martial art. He comes to Manipur to direct a docu film
with development angle for the ministery and finds
everything negative. His dilemma roots in his Delhi
base so far from Manipur. i could write soliloquies
for our hero, but I may not write just one for you. I
belong to Uttaranchal, a Himalayan state and I know
well the treatment of Delhi to all Himalayan states
including Northeast. All roads run vertically in the
Hills to get rich resources and manpower for army and
serventry , and prostitution,too. We the hill people
hardly have any way to go through our one people.
Mr President, we also tasted the Armed Forces (Special
Powers) Act as our heroin Ms Smita Ghate was harrassed
by army in Imphul in full daylight despite she
introduced herself as she is an IAS officer, now a
district collector. Our local unit support Ibachoba
was beaten when he was returning to outdoor shooting
wth lunchpackets from the Hotel. He cried, `You
Indians treat us like this.'
This is Manipur unknown by rest of India. The mood of
Mnipur is well represented by Irom Sharmila, a
Manipuri woman who has been on hunger strike for six
years against human rights abuses in Manipur who
shifted her fight unsuccessfully to New delhi on
October 5 th this year only. Delhi Police have
forcibly admitted Irom Sharmila Chanu into a hospital
here after she refused to call off her six-year-long
hunger strike."Sharmila was arrested and charged with
attempted suicide soon after she began her fast.
Before being brought to the capital, she was being
force-fed through a nasal tube at a government-run
hospital in Imphal, Manipur's capital.
Thirty-four-year-old, Sharmila, who walked to Raj Ghat
said that she will fast until the government repeals
the Armed Forces Act, which gives soldiers sweeping
powers to kill suspected rebels. "Today, I come here
for the first, perhaps the last time in my life and
tomorrow. I come here simply to pay floral tribute to
Mahatma Gandhi - my idol," she said.
Sharmila has become an iconic figure for the people of
Manipur since she launched her hunger strike in late
2000 after soldiers shot 10 young men at a bus stop in
a small town in Manipur.
She said the government had betrayed Gandhi's memory
in its reaction to her peaceful protest and its
treatment of the people of Manipur.Shortly after
beginning her fast, Sharmila was arrested and charged
with attempted suicide. Since then, authorities have
been force-feeding her through a nasal tube in the
government-run hospital in Imphal.The maximum term for
her offence is one year and police have been in the
habit of releasing her every year, only to re-arrest
her the following day.
IThe Armed Forces Act only applies in Kashmir and
insurgency-affected northeastern part of India. Human
rights groups allege that the Act has given the army
licence to kill, torture and rape with impunity.
It is to be remineded that Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh ended a three-day visit to Manipur and Assam on
22 November last year with a clear message that the
UPA Government in New Delhi could talk peace with
insurgent groups, but would not let terror hold
development initiatives to ransom. The Prime Minister
succeeded in demonstrating that he was a leader with a
difference by refusing to describe whatever projects
he has conceded or funds he has allocated to the two
states as part of a 'package'.Manmohan Singh offered
unconditional peace talks to all separatist groups in
the northeast to bring an end to decades of insurgency
in the region."I want peace to prevail and so appeal
to all to shun the path of violence and hold
discussions. Our doors for discussion are open to all.
You have a prime minister from Assam and the northeast
to solve your problems," Singh said at a press
conference here after his arrival.Singh, who is a
Rajya Sabha member from Assam,was on a two-day visit
to campaign for his Congress party in the last state
assembly elections.By not referring to rebel groups
like the ULFA or the frontline Meitei outfits in
Manipur even once by name during his dozen-odd public
speeches and appearances, the Prime Minister sought to
send out a signal that insurgency was not the only
thing high on his agenda.He did succeed in this
endeavour when he handed over the Kangla Fort in
Imphal, the symbol of Manipuri pride and nationalism,
to the people of Manipur. Ever since the British
defeated the local ruler in 1891, the Kangla Fort had
been under occupation, first by the British, and then
by the Assam Rifles. He also reiterated his promise to
see whether the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
could be replaced by a more 'humane law.' In Assam,
the Prime Minister called upon the "youths of the
State" to help their "own Prime Minister" in building
a new and resurgent Assam and promised to look into
all their "legitimate grievances".
The northeastern region of India covering a total area
of about 2,55,000 sq km is surrounded by Bangladesh,
Bhutan, China and Myanmar. Less than one percent of
the external boundaries of the region are contiguous
with rest of India while remaining 99 percent form
international borders. There is not only geographical
isolation of this region but also absence of cultural
and psychological integration with the mainstream.
Many ethnic groups in the region especially in the
areas bordering the international boundaries have more
in common with the population living across the
boundary than with the rest of India. Bangladesh has
been active in exploiting the situation in the
Northeastern region and this has had impact on the
overall security in the region.
The Government of India seems to depend on military
science to crush the nationality movements in North
East. Constant repression has become the limitation of
democratic peace process and the people in northeast,
in reaction ,isolated themselves from the mainstream
of the nation. They seem to be out of history and
geography.
Greater Nagaland agitation is opposed most violently
in Manipur.Although the media pays considerable
attention to the Army's role in tackling militancy in
the State, the Government of India's casual handling
of the situation created a flutter. The revelation
made by Union Defense Minister, Pranab Mukherji,
during his recent visit to a Leimakhong Army base,
near Imphal, that the Center had already signed
ceasefire agreements with eight militant
organizations, mostly Kuki militant outfits, in
Manipur, has clearly proved that it wants to play safe
while the State remains in a chaotic condition. State
Chief Minister, O Ibobi Singh has denied that truce
arrangements, which became effective on 1st August,
2005, were done with his knowledge. This shows that
the State was in the dark for nearly two months about
these covert truce deals with the militant groups.
The NSCN, fighting for an independent homeland for the
Naga tribes
in Nagaland, is the oldest and the most powerful of
the nearly 30-odd
rebel armies operating in the region.The NSCN is
stressing on the need for creation of a Greater
Nagaland by carving slices off the neighbouring states
of Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, and Manipur -- all of which have
sizeable Naga
populations. "Without the unification of the Naga
homeland (Greater Nagaland),
there can be no permanent solution," the NSCN leader
said.
The demand for a Greater Nagaland is, however, not
acceptable to
the other regional states in the northeast. "There
would be more
turmoil than peace in the region if New Delhi tries to
appease the
NSCN by agreeing for a Greater Nagaland," Manipur
Chief Minister
Okram Ibobi Singh said. But amid the controversies,
NSCN leaders are hopeful for a
settlement.
The huge deployment of the Security Forces personnel
in the State keeps reminding everyone that the
insurgency problem is far from over, and that the
political will to control the overall situation is
perhaps not visible. Joint Task Force (JTF) operations
are required to be planned by the police and the Para
Military Force personnel and the Army should continue
with its intelligence based operations. What is most
important is the need for adopting a synergised
surgical strike capability, which demands highly
trained and motivated personnel with a thrust on
jointmanship. Intelligence acquisition and processed
intelligence must be disseminated and acted upon at
the earliest and the hierarchical pattern of looking
for shabash must be ostracised. For in today's
operational environment there is no time for such
innuendos and decisions have to be given without
wasting time, because information on either side is
highly mobile and the flow uncontrollable, and a
delayed response due to a delay in decision making
will most certainly result in failure, which will
impact on the morale of the Security Forces personnel.
Hence there is a need to create Information Warriors
(IW) from the environment and develop sources at the
grass root levels to ensure speed in operations. For
it is only in timely and accurate information that
immediate actions can be taken with immense restraint
and calibration and operations launched with
precision. For it is in such confidence building
measures that will facilitate in bringing back
normalcy in the State and the people can once again be
part of a free and fair society.
Manipur bordering Nagaland in the North East, Myanmar
in the East and Mizoram in the South West has been in
the lime light for perhaps for wrong reasons. The
State having been created over 33 years ago, has a
very high level of insurgency and the happenings keep
reminding the country that the problems are huge, and
the peoples' support for Mr. Okram Ibobi Singh's
Secular Progressive Front (SPF) is on the decline.
Soon after the Chief Minister was handed over the
mantle, the infamous Manorama rape incident took
place, which brought disgrace to the State and to the
Security Force personnel. The crisis was resolved to
some extent, although momentarily, with the Security
Forces vacating the Manipur Fort and certain
strictures being put into effect. However, the
problems continued and the recent 52 days economic
blockade enforced by ANSAM, who demanded the
withdrawal of the Government orders for making 18th
June a State holiday, did cause great inconvenience to
the people of the State. Other grave concerns in the
past year were the kidnappings of students by an
underground outfit, the State wide bandhs, looting on
the Imphal – Moreh national highway, kneecapping of
the erring teachers and principals of schools and
colleges by the KYKL, storming the police stations and
so on. These acts are nothing but reflections of the
current conditions prevailing in the State. The bandhs
are huge revenue losses which amount to over Rs 9
crores everyday.
In the year 1999, the government had banned all State
bandhs, yet various groups continue to organise bandhs
and target public and private property. One of the
worst kind of activities in recent times was the
burning of the State library by the Mayek activists
during its agitation against the non – implementation
of the Meetei Mayek. The Government had come down
heavily on the Mayek activists by booking them under
the critical National Security Act (NSA). However, due
to public pressures, the Government had to rescind its
orders and withdrew the charges against the activists.
Such withdrawal of charges soon after invoking the Act
is a cause of concern, because the Government has
succumbed to the environmental pressures, giving a
fillip to the movement. This has made it more
difficult for the Centre and the State Governments and
the extremist movement has become a bigger challenge.
The Government has to adopt different means of
combating the problem and making social security a
major platform to launch human development operations.
Efforts must be made in 'Winning the hearts and minds
of the people' and giving peace a chance.
Violation of (basic) human rights in Manipur
Submitted by naba on Wed, 2004-08-04 21:54.
I have been closely monitoring the news for happenings
in Manipur. Unlike a few days ago, it seems like we
are getting some attention from top indian media.
Things are moving forward and central leaders are
evaluating possible solutions for the troubles in
Manipur. However, there doesn't seem to be any
indication of central leaders agreeing to remove AFSP
act yet.
Especially enlightening among the news is this one.
Apparently, a women has come forward as eye witness to
give her account on what happened at the time of
murder. According to her report, she saw some army
persons in uniform taking a body of a woman towards
the scene of crime and she heard some 5 to 6 gun shots
about a fews minutes later.
Notice the emphasis above. This makes one thing very
clear. The original statement given by Assam Riffles
that the woman was shot while she tried to escape is a
lie. Either she was dead before they brought her there
or she was severly injured. And one does not need 5-6
shots to prevent near-dead someone escaping, assuming
she indeed tried to escape.
I found this interesting and comprehensive article on
Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSP Act) describing
everything about this draconian legislation. Some of
the flaws in the act, which make this act rather
inhuman and violate basic human rights, are quoted
below from the article. Particularly disheartening is
section 6 which protects them against legal
procecutions.
The army can shoot to kill, under the powers of
section 4(a), for the commission or suspicion of the
commission of the following offenses: acting in
contravention of any law or order for the time being
in force in the disturbed area prohibiting the
assembly of five or more persons, carrying weapons, or
carrying anything which is capable of being used as a
fire-arm or ammunition. To justify the invocation of
this provision, the officer need only be "of the
opinion that it is necessary to do so for the
maintenance of public order" and only give "such due
warning as he may consider necessary".
The army can destroy property under section 4(b) if it
is an arms dump, a fortified position or shelter from
where armed attacks are made or are suspected of being
made, if the structure is used as a training camp, or
as a hide-out by armed gangs or absconders.
The army can arrest anyone without a warrant under
section 4(c) who has committed, is suspected of having
committed or of being about to commit, a cognisable
offense and use any amount of force "necessary to
effect the arrest".
Under section 4(d), the army can enter and search
without a warrant to make an arrest or to recover any
property, arms, ammunition or explosives which are
believed to be unlawfully kept on the premises. This
section also allows the use of force necessary for the
search.
Section 5 states that after the military has arrested
someone under the AFSPA, they must hand that person
over to the nearest police station with the "least
possible delay". There is no definition in the act of
what constitutes the least possible delay.
Section 6 establishes that no legal proceeding can be
brought against any member of the armed forces acting
under the AFSPA, without the permission of the Central
Government. This section leaves the victims of the
armed forces abuses without a remedy.
So much of law and order situation being bad in
Manipur, there is no proper law in the first place
*sigh*. This is not the first time such crime by army
has happened. Many such incidents have happend before
at alarming density and they have gone unnoticed by
the media. Manorama's brutal murder was just the last
straw.
History
Manipur and Assam became involved in the disputes
between Thailand and Burma, and Manipur took advantage
of a Burmese invasion of Thailand to raid deep into
its western frontier. This triggered the Burmese
invasion of Manipur and Assam, which pulled in the
British, ruling neighbouring Bengal. The British, to
safeguard their position against the Burmese,
intervened, defeated Burma and took over Assam, and
brought Manipur under British paramountcy in 1891.
During the Second World War, Manipur was the scene of
many fierce battles between the Japanese and Allied
forces. The Japanese swept over East Asia and came up
to Manipur. They and fractions of Indian National Army
under command of Subhas C. Bose were beaten back
before they could enter Imphal and this proved to be
one of the turning points of the War.
There are two cemeteries maintained by the British War
Graves Commission in Manipur, which are the final
resting places of several Indian and allied soldiers
who died here.
In 1947, with British Parliament's repeal of British
Paramountcy, in preparation for Indian independence,
Manipur became an independent kingdom once again.
The King, Maharaja Budhachandra, began a process of
democratisation of the state, enacting the Manipur
Constitution Act, 1947, which established a democratic
form of government with the Maharaja as the Executive
Head and an elected legislature.
In 1949, the King Budhachandra was invited to
Shillong, capital of the Indian province of Assam,
where he signed an agreement for annexed the kingdom
into India. The King had already signed the Instrument
of Accession with the Indian Dominion in 1947.
Once Manipur became part of the Indian Union, India
dissolved the State's Constitution Assembly in
October, 1949, and made it into a part C state.
Lateron it was further degraded to the status of the
union territory from 1956 onwards.
In 1972, Manipur was elevated to the status of a state
(or province).
According to the 1991 census report, the total
population of Manipur was 1,826,000 (18.26 lakhs) but
in the 2000 census, it is expected to reach over 2.2
million (22 lakhs). The people of Manipur are grouped
into three main ethnic communities -- Meiteis those
inhabiting the valley and 29 major tribes in the hills
dividing into two main ethno-denominations, namely
Nagas and Kuki-Chins. Under the Meiteis, Bamon and
Meitei Pangans are also included. All speak Meiteilon
or otherwise known as Manipuri to the outsiders. In
addition to Meiteis, the valley is also inhabited by
Nepalis, Bengalis, Marwaris and people from other
Indian communities. At present several people from the
hill have also migrated and settled in the valley. The
Naga group consists of Zeliangrong (composed of three
related tribes, namely, Rongmei or Kabui, and Liangmei
and Zemei or Kacha Nagas), Tangkhul, Mao, Maram,
Maring and Tarao. The Chin-Kuki group consists of
Tedim Chin (officially recognised by the Indian Union
as Sukte) Gangte, Hmar, Paite, Thadou, Vaiphei, Zou,
Aimol, Chiru, Koireng, Kom, Anal, Chothe, Lamgang,
Koirao, Thangal, Moyon and Monsang. In recent times,
several Chin-Kuki communities have identified
themselves as Nagas e.g. Anal, Kom, Thangal, etc.
depending on socio-economic and geo-political
advantages to the tribes. The term Chin is used for
the people in the neighboring Chin state of Myanmar
whereas Chins are called Kukis in the Indian side.
Other groups like Paite, Zou, Gangte, and Vaiphei
identify themselves as Zomi and have distanced
themselves from the name, Kuki. Thadous remain the
major Kuki population in this Chin-Kuki group while
Hmar identify closer to the Mizo or Lushei group.
The legends of all tribes including that of Meiteis
claim that they originated somewhere in the north from
a cave. The difference came only in later parts of the
history after Meiteis were converted to Vaishnavism
and the hill inhabitants became Christians.
Manipur is a part of India both from the point of view
of geography and culture. It never lost its basic link
with the mainstream of the Indian culture. The culture
of Manipur has been a part of Indian culture. It
accepted aspects of Indian culture and transmitted
them to Burma, China and other lands of East Asia. On
political grounds Manipur can hardly be separated from
India. We find the invaders from Cachar, Tripura,
etc., during the successive periods of it's history.
The religious movement of Manipur in the 18th century
conveys the spirit of universality and strengthen the
bounds of unity. It asserts that Manipur is a part of
Bharatavarsa.
Origin of the Name of Manipur
There are different names commonly used in discussing
Manipur by different neighbouring people. To quote W.
McCulloch, "The country inhabited by the Muneepoorees
is by the inhabitants of Cachar it is named Moglei ;
by those of Assam Mekhlee and by the Shans or those
who inhabit the country east of Ningthee or Khyendwen
river it is known as Cassay of which term the Burmese
word Kathe is a corruption."(2) The narrative of Symes
and the maps of that period give the name "Cassay" to
this country.(3) In Rennell's Memoir and maps of
India it is mentioned as "Meklee." Other popular names
by which it is known are Manipur and Meithei Leibak.
The Mahabharata, the Bhagavata and Jaimini's
Mahabharata and Kalidas's work used it by the name of
Manipur. The name "Mekhele" as used for Manipur is
mentioned in the Mahabharata and Skanda-Purana. This
is found in the treaty of king Gourayam and the
British East India Company in 1,800 A.D.(4) According
to Kalika. Purana it is the place where the waist of
Devi fell at the time of Daksa-Yajna. Another account
declares that the outer garment, i,e., Mekhela fell to
the ground in her dance in this land, Siva called it
"Mekheli".
Various meanings are given to the word "Manipur."
According to Atombapu Sharma Manipur means "naval
circle on earth." Another argument is given by some to
show that Arjuna was restored to life by the Moni
(gem) from the nether world and the land came to be
known as Manipur.(5)
Another variation of the same theme that the Manipur
Valley was full of water. Lord Siva, in emulation of a
Rasa style was in search of a place for His devine
Dance. He, in course of His search, saw this valley
aand drained the excess water from it. The Imphal
river with its branches, Kongba, Iril, Nambul flows
towards the south. Entering into an underground canal
the water gets it way out through the three big
holes of the mountain "Chingnunghut" and falls into
the river Chindwin which flows to the Irawadi in
Burma. The Work of creation is attributed to Lord
Siva. It is suggested that this arrangement cannot be
an accident. There are underground and underwater
passages, each 64 which has the effect of justifying
the legend.(6) According to the will of Visnu the
beautiful Valley came into existence. Various gods and
goddesses took part in a dance along with Siva and
Durga. This is called Lai-haraoba. It is said that
Ananta was so enamoured of the dance that he brought
the jewels to this country and the land is called
Manipur meaning the land of jewels as it is lighted up
by the splendour of the excellent gems gracing the
hoods."(7)
According to T.C. Hodson the land was at one time
Mohendrapura. But subsequently it came to be known as
Manipura after Vabhruvahana's coming into possession
of the jewel. Another tradition about the name of
Manipur makes out that, near Nungoibi and between
Taibang- Thong there is a stone with supernatural
power known as Mani or precious stone on account of
which the place is known as Manipur.(8)
Most orthodox Bishnupriya Manipuris and some section
of Meiteis believe that they are the people traced
their ancestry with the Arjuna Chitrangada
Babhrubahana episode of the Mahabharata and claiming
to be the Kshatriyas as described in the Epic
Mahabharata. (9)
On the other hand there are number of folk stories and
legends regarding human inhabitation in Manipur
valley. One of them holds that there was a stable
kingdom with Imphal as its capital under Pakhangba,
the first king of Manipur, in the first century. (10)
In the reign of Khagemba (15th century) Shri Vishnu
was worshiped in Manipur. After this period, at the
end of the 17th century and at the advent of the 18th
century, great force of the Neo-Vaisnavism came and
spread in this land. After the king Charairongba,
Vaisnavism was highly developed, in the middle of the
18th century, in the reign of king Garibniwaj
Pamheiba. In his time, Shantidas Goswami from Sylhet
came to Manipur and he initiated the king with his
subjects into Ramandi sect.
In 1826, Manipur was brought into India by the treaty
of Yandavo by Raja Jai Singh with the British at the
end of the Indo-Burmese war. This followed a dispute
in accession to the throne. With the intervention of
the British the dispute was settled. In 1891
Churachand was nominated the Raja and it came under
British rule as a princely state. During World War II
Imphal was occupied by the Japanese. After Indian
independence Manipur became a Union Territory and
subsequently achieved statehood in January 21,1972.
Besides, there are numerous genealogy prevailing in
Manipur relating the lands as reclaimed from water by
Lord Siva's Trisul, while another lined makes it the
place illuminated by the jewel on the crown of Shesh
Nag for Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati to play
Rasleela
The evidences of KurmaPurana show that Chitrangada
pleases Lord Siva through her worship. And the place
where she worshiped Lord Siva, became a holy place
where Vyasa himself paid a visit.
after sunset. Spurred by the example of Lord Krishna
and Srimati Radhika immersed in Rasleela, their
privacy guaranteed by Lord Siva as the gatekeeper,
Goddess Parvati had requested Lord Siva dance with
her.(13)
Apart from folk stories and legends, there is
historical evidences of some Aryan migration in the
valley took part in the remote past. The myth and lore
of Manipur refers to the supreme deity or Dau Seidaba
rubbing hands to create from the Gods and Goddesses
the human being to people the new land Manipur.
palashcbiswas,
gostokanan, sodepur, kolkata-700110 phone:033-25659551
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